ARTICLE A marine origin of coal balls in the Midland and Illinois basins, USA Michelle E. Chrpa 1,2, Anne Raymond 1, William M. Lamb 1 JuanCarlos Laya 1 Coal balls are carbonate concretions ...
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The coalball discovery helps fill a stratigraphic gap in coalball occurrences in the upper Carboniferous (Bolsovian) of Euramerica. The autochthonous and hypautochthonous coalballs have a similar mineralogical composition and are composed of siderite (81), dolomiteankerite (019%), minor quartz and illite, and trace amounts of ...
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Coal balls can be appreciated only when they are examined under a microscope. Their value lies in the perfectly preserved cellforcell petrifaction of the original woody tissues. The cell walls are still there, as are spores still in the spore sacs of 275 millionyearold fruiting bodies. Preparation of these fossils is treated in Chapter X.
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DOI: / Corpus ID: ; On the Present Distribution and Origin of the Calcareous Concretions in Coal Seams, Known as "Coal Balls" article{StopesOnTP, title={On the Present Distribution and Origin of the Calcareous Concretions in Coal Seams, Known as "Coal Balls"}, author={Marie Charlotte Carmichael Stopes and David Meredith Seares Watson}, journal={Philosophical ...
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One third (27/82) have coal balls, including 57% of major cycles, 36% of intermediate cycles and 16% of minor cycles. Coalball occurrence in the Donets Basin is similar: over an interval of about 4 (~315311 Ma, latest Bashkirian to midMoscovian), 39% (11/28) of transgressiveregressive cycles have coal balls. ...
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Large areas of concentrated coal balls (permineralized peat) up to 4 m thick obstructed longwall mining in the Herrin Coal at the Old Ben No. 24 mine. The largest coal‐ball area mapped contained >1500 m3; several areas contained >400 m3 of coal balls. In‐mine mapping established that there were two types of roof (freshwater and marine), and that the coal balls were spatially correlated ...
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Coal balls are original peat stages of the coal that were entombed by mineral matter, usually CaCO 3, generally very early in the postburial history of the peat body. They capture, in anatomical detail, the plant components of the original peat swamp, both aerial organs and roots (Phillips et al. 1976). And, although we may not be able to ...
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The roof taxa are of kinds not seen in associated 'coal ball' assemblages and are thus thought to represent welldrained hinterland floras (Stopes and Watson, 1908; FalconLang, 2008a). It is also ...
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A coal ball fresh from the seam is a rather undistinguished ob jecta rounded to irregularly shaped, dull brownrock crusted with coal. A casual examination of such a coal ball may not reveal that it contains a mass of tightly packed plant debris. It is certainly not obvious that some of the plant materials are intact organs and tissues with ...
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a nodule found in coal usually composed of calcite or silica and carbonaceous matter and having fragmentary or microscopic plant remains. See the full definition Menu Toggle
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Specimens occur in coal balls collected from the No. 7 coal seam of the Xishan Coal Field from the Xindao village (previously called Xiedao village), about km from Ximing in Shanxi Province, North China (Fig. 1).This seam is from the upper part of the Taiyuan Formation, which is considered to belong to the late Asselian or early Sakmarian stages of the Lower Permian (Pan et al. 1985; Tian ...
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A Harvard professor said balls found in the ocean might be alien tech. A new theory points to industrial waste instead. The physicist Avi Loeb, right, onstage with Stephen Hawking and others ...
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perfect state of preservation. They are representative fragments of the millions of tons of forest debris that served as the raw material for coal. Our knowl edge of the origin of these fossils is by no mea:ns complete, but the essential steps in their formation seem clearat least in a general way.
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Upon oxidization, most of the structures are lost. This is called "pyrite disease" in fossils and is characterized by a moldlike appearance on the cut surface of the coal ball. To prevent destruction, the surface can be coated with a sealant. Coal balls can also be stored in an lowoxygen medium like glycerin or antifreeze.
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Definition. Coal balls are permineralized peat, mainly found in Upper of Europe and North America but also in some Chinese Permian coals. Coal balls are predominantly calcium carbonate which has precipitated in the cell lumina and spaces between the plants within a peat formed in a mire ( Scott and Rex, 1985 ).
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Coal balls are calcareous peats with cellular permineralization invaluable for understanding the anatomy of Pennsylvanian and Permian fossil plants.
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Nature and occurrence of the coal balls. The faunal coal balls of GaruGensi area generally occur in the coal and carbonaceous shale of Bomte Member of Bichom Formation (Table 1).These concretions can be easily identified on surface by their subrounded to oval and occasional elliptical shape (Fig. 3a, b). The coal balls are very hard to break and are arranged along the bedding planes of ...
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The coalball plants were preserved in a sideritedolomite matrix and formed in a nonmarine intermontane setting. The coalball flora is dominated by arborescent lycopods and contains a few ...
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Coal balls are carbonate concretions that preserve peat in cellular detail. Despite their importance to paleobotany, the salinity of coalball peat remains controversial. Pennsylvanian...
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Coal and coal combustion byproducts are potential candidates for alternative resources of REEs (rare earth elements). The Illinois Basin is a major coalproducing district in the USA, but little work is available on speciation of REEs in the basin's coals. In this study, a total number of 382 samples from known locations in the Illinois Basin coal beds were acquired, analyzed for their REE ...
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The geographic distribution of coal balls of China and their stratigraphic range are very wide. Fossil plants in coal balls are abundant Floras of coal balls of Jingyuan Gansu contain the same content as those of the Hauptfloz coal of Ruhr and the Kokfloz coal of Ostrau (Namur C) in Europe. Coal balls of Shanxi and Shandong (P1) are abundant and highly diversified with flourished Cathaysian ...
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FIGURE Etched surface of coal ball slab prior to flooding the surface with acetone. FIGURE Rolling the acetate sheet into position on the coal ball slab. Bottle contains acetone. FIGURE Removing the peel from the coal ball slab surface. FIGURE Coal ball peel, left, and coal ball slab at right from which it was removed.
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Further, Taylor et al. (2011) have pointed out a bias in sample preparation, with thin sections of coal balls showing better preservation of fungal structures than acetate peels. That said, for example, while funginite was present in Pennsylvanian coals ( Richardson et al., 2012 ), it was not as diversified in the Pennsylvanian as in later coals.
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The evaluation of organic material in the coal balls was based on peel studies from 50 randomly selected coal balls from all areas of the crop. Each coal ball regardless of size was considered as one unit. From many of the coal balls numerous peels were obtained but only 2 peels oriented normally to each other were evaluated from each concretion.
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Coal balls are petrified pockets of plant debris that were preserved 280 million to 325 million years ago during the Upper Carboniferous Period, sometimes called the Great Coal Age. Plants immortalized in these coal balls are preserved at the cellular level, details not preserved in other types of fossils.
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The coalball discovery helps fill a stratigraphic gap in coalball occurrences in the upper Carboniferous (Bolsovian) of Euramerica. The autochthonous and hypautochthonous coalballs have a similar mineralogical composition and are composed of siderite (81), dolomiteankerite (019%), minor quartz and illite, and trace amounts of ...
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The pedogenic formation of coal balls by CO2 degassing through the rootlets of arborescent lycopsids. Coal balls are calcium carbonate accumulations that permineralized peat in paleotropical PermoCarboniferous (∼320250 Ma) mires. The formation of coal balls has been debated for over a century yet a..
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Coal balls floras from the Taiyuan Formation in north China have been mainly studied by Tian Baolin and collaborators, from the no. 7 coal seam in the Xishan coal field and have been summarised by Li et al., 1995, Tian et al., 1996. From these works quantitative studies have been undertaken, compiled from hundreds of coal balls (Wang et al., 1995).
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Acetate paper with a thickness of inches is used to make the first peel of a coal ball after it has been cut with a rock saw. This paper type can also be used for test peels to identify the optimum etching time in acid. The .005inchthick acetate paper is more robust, reducing the chance of damage when removed.
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